Mass–period distribution for observed hot Jupiters (black stars) that are relatively circularized (measured eccentricities e  <  0.1), along with the final state of surviving hot Jupiters in the simulations (gray dots denote f_ret = 0, blue open circles f_ret = 0.5, and orange open squares f_ret = 1). The observed sample of hot Jupiters is taken from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (accessed 2025 August 22; e.g., R. L. Akeson et al. 2013; NASA Exoplanet Archive 2025). We select systems with 0.3M_J < m_p < 10M_J and a_p < 0.1 au. The top row corresponds to the low-loss case, the middle row corresponds to the moderate-loss case, and the bottom row corresponds to the high-loss case. The shaded region shows where inspiral and merger with the host star from stellar tidal dissipation is efficient, calculated using the calibration from B. M. S. Hansen (2010).