Case 15: high-loss 5 m LVF regolith, 5 m LVF ice. Panel (a) from left to right: diagram of scenario showing subsurface profile. Stokes S₁ radargram displaying total return power in dB, with range-averaged response overlaid as a black line. CPR radargram, with range-averaged response overlaid as a black line. Degree of polarization (m) plotted against apparent depth, with background shading denoting regolith, ice, and basalt units. The m-χ decomposition plotted against apparent depth. The m-χ decomposition radargram. Dashed vertical lines in S₁ and m-χ plots at −123 dB indicate the NE-Γ noise floor (SNR = 0 dB). Orange, blue, and brown horizontal lines denote interfaces of regolith, ice, and basalt, respectively. Panel (b) overlays the Stokes S₁, m, and CPR responses of low-loss and high-loss cases to compare ice-like signature development.