Orbital average of the total injection rates, expressed in atoms (or molecules) m⁻³ s⁻¹, of ablated CO₂ (panel (a)), Na (panel (b)), Mg (panel (c)), and Al (panel (d)) estimated by the CABMOD–MIF model as a function of pressure level and Venusian latitude. The top and bottom horizontal dashed lines illustrate the equivalent altitudes at which the ablation process starts and ends, respectively, for each meteoric metal. An animation showing the orbital variability of the ablation rates of CO₂ (panel (a)), Na (panel (b)), Mg (panel (c)), and Al (panel (d)) as a function of pressure level and the Venusian latitude is available; the animation cycles through all solar longitudes, starting from aphelion L_S = 73°, going to L_S = 0°, and then to L_S = 73°.

(An animation of this figure is available in the online article.)

(An animation of this figure is available.)

The video/animation of this figure is available in the online journal.