Latitude–solar longitude (L_s) evolution of aerodynamic, gas kinetics, turbulent, and triboelectric coupling diagnostics during the MY 34 global dust storm, derived from MCD v.6.1 fields. Panels show the (a) dust-lifting ratio ﹩{u}_{* }/{u}_{* }^{t}﹩, (b) dynamic pressure q, (c) molecular mean free path λ, (d) Knudsen number Kn, (e) turbulent dissipation rate ε, (f) TKE, (g) turbulence intensity I, (h) normalized triboelectric coupling index Z_TECZ, (i) Kolmogorov length scale η_K, and (j) Kolmogorov Stokes number St_η. Vertical dashed lines indicate the approximate onset (L_s ≈ 185°) and decay (L_s ≈ 250°) of the storm. Enhanced triboelectric coupling occurs primarily where aerodynamic activation, continuum to near-continuum gas behavior, and intensified turbulence coincide, while the Kolmogorov-scale diagnostics indicate that storm-time strengthening extends down to the dissipative eddy scales relevant to particle clustering and collision-driven charging.