Integrated methodological framework used in this study. Box (1) defines the MCD v.6.1 atmospheric-state inputs. Box (2) diagnoses dust lifting and turbulence. Box (3) computes the triboelectric source-current density J_src. Box (4) evaluates atmospheric conductivity σ and charge-relaxation time τ_e. Box (5) diagnoses electric-field growth and breakdown favorability through E_z/E_b. Box (6) resolves the vertical electrical structure, and boxes (7)–(8) quantify discharge geometry and electrostatic spectral interpretation.