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Short-term Forecasting of Total Solar Irradiance from Solar Disk Images: A Hybrid Unsupervised Deep Learning Approach

  • Authors: Idowu Raji, Rafael Duarte Coelho dos Santos, Luis Eduardo Antunes Vieira, Alejandro C. Frery, Franciele Carlesso, Adriany Rodrigues Barbosa

Idowu Raji et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 286 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 4.

Spatial feature maps produced by the convolutional AE encoder for a representative training frame. Each panel shows one of the 32 channels of the 128 × 128 × 32 bottleneck representation; spatial global-average pooling of these 32 maps yields the 32-dimensional feature vector zt (Equation (7)) carried to the LSTM.

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