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Flyby-induced Second Accretion as a Pathway to Giant Planets Around M Dwarfs

  • Authors: Shunjing Zhao, Xian Shi, Hanlun Lei, Hongping Deng, Xing Lu, Man-To Hui, Guiyu Wang, Jianchun Shi

Shunjing Zhao et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1008 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure B1.

Contour plots of final planetary mass as a function of initial mass and initial orbital radius under different turbulent viscosity and pebble-to-gas ratios during the second accretion phase. Using the case of a 0.2 M M dwarf in Figure 3 as an example, rows correspond to pebble-to-gas ratios of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, while columns represent turbulent diffusion coefficient values of 10−3 and 10−4. The red dashed lines denote the 0.1 MJ contours, and the yellow dashed lines indicate the 1 au orbital radius contours. The initial orbital radius and initial mass are not physically correlated due to the omission of the first accretion phase. The simulation aims to demonstrate that terrestrial planets around M dwarfs can evolve into giant planets under various parameter configurations.

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