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Flyby-induced Second Accretion as a Pathway to Giant Planets Around M Dwarfs

  • Authors: Shunjing Zhao, Xian Shi, Hanlun Lei, Hongping Deng, Xing Lu, Man-To Hui, Guiyu Wang, Jianchun Shi

Shunjing Zhao et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1008 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure A2.

Evolution time required for planets with varying initial inclinations and orbital radii to achieve coplanarity with the gas disk in different disk systems. The first row corresponds to a central stellar mass of 0.1 M, showing the distribution of evolutionary time for disk accretion rates of 2 × 10−9, 6 × 10−9, and 1 × 10−8 M yr−1. The second row represents a central stellar mass of 0.2 M, displaying evolutionary time for the same disk accretion rates. The evolution time is indicated by different colors. The green dashed line denotes the 0.3 Myr isochrone.

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