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Can Third- and Fourth-order Multipoles plus Radial Variation of Isodensity Ellipses Explain the Observed Flux Ratios in B1422+231? YES, and a Lesson Learned from a TNG100 Lensing Galaxy Sample

  • Authors: Ruizhe Feng, Dandan Xu, Dominique Sluse, Giulia Despali, Anowar J. Shajib, Cai-Na Hao

Ruizhe Feng et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 1012 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 12.

Distributions of the best (successful) macromodel parameters, s, q, ϕq, γ, and ϕγ − ϕq, for three kinds of perturbations (m3, m4, m3+m4), each added to EPL+γ to fit both image positions and flux ratios (assuming σf = 2% and σp = 10 mas, essentially the last row in Table 4). The vertical lines indicate the parameter values of one example successful mass model from m3+m4+PAv+Qv, for which the image configuration along with the corresponding critical curves and caustics are shown in Figure 13.

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