Image Details
Caption: Figure 5.
Learning rate range test showing the evolution of the loss ﹩{{ \mathcal L }}_{{\rm{MSE}}}﹩ as a function of the learning rate α. Top: test training on the dark matter density field. Bottom: test training on the gravitational potential field. The adequate range for the triangular cyclic learning rate used for the final training is shown as a thicker solid line on each panel.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.