Left: TTVs of planet b (black) and planet c (red) phased to the conjunction angle λ_j = 2λ_c–λ_b. If the free eccentricity Z_free is small compared to Δ, no TTV phase shift is expected (dashed lines; TTV = 0 when λ_j = 0), which is inconsistent with the observations (solid lines). We measure TTV phases (vertical dotted lines) of ﹩{\phi }_{b}=-117.4\pm 3\mathop{.}\limits^{^\circ }5﹩ and ﹩{\phi }_{c}=59.5\pm 2\mathop{.}\limits^{^\circ }2﹩ for planets b and c, respectively. Right: TTV phases of two planets near the 2:1 MMR. Colored curves show theoretical TTV phases for different values of Z_free. When Z_free is comparable to or larger than Δ, nonzero TTV phases arise. The TTV phase posteriors are shown as contours corresponding to the 1σ, 2σ, and 3σ credible levels. For TOI-4495, the TTV data favor ∣Z_free∣ values larger than Δ by a factor of a few. See Section 5.2 for further discussion.