Panel (a): whitened log-periodogram ﹩\mathrm{log}{{ \mathcal S }}^{{\prime} w}(f)﹩ and FALs for a time series drawn from the AR(1) process shown in Figure 15 (ϕ = 0.77, σ_w = 1). Error bars are σ_n = 0.5. Panel (b): same as panel (a) but with σ_n = 3. Panel (c): whitened log-periodogram and FALs for a time series for which the error bars are overestimated. The dataset ﹩x{{\prime} }_{n}﹩ has true σ_n = 0.5, but FALs are calculated using σ_n = 2.