Three-dimensional projection of Europa’s minimum distance from the centrifugal equator. The projection viewpoint is centered in System III coordinates above 25° latitude, 100° east longitude. Thin gray lines on Jupiter’s spheroid show System III latitude and longitude with 30° spacing, and the ring shown is Jupiter’s main ring. Vectors show the planetographic rotation axis Ω and magnetic field north pole axis Ω_m. The solid black ring shows the location of Europa’s orbit. The dashed black line shows the closest positions along the centrifugal equator as described in Figure 3. Small black circles show Europa’s position every 15° in longitude, and thin black lines connect from the orbital position to the closest point along the centrifugal equator. Nodes at the intersection of Europa’s orbit and the centrifugal equator are at 69.2° and 249.2° System III east longitude. Europa scaled up by a factor of 5.