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JWST Reveals a Candidate Supermassive Black Hole Binary at z = 4.3 in the Brightest Submillimeter Galaxy in COSMOS-Web

  • Authors: Jed McKinney, Ansh Gupta, Julian B. Muñoz, John Chisholm, Caitlin M. Casey, Stephanie M. Urbano Stawinski, Olivia Cooper, Erini Lambrides, Hollis Akins, Maximilien Franco, Archana Aravindan, Seiji Fujimoto, Kohei Inayoshi, Andreas L. Faisst, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Michael Boylan-Kolchin

Jed McKinney et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1011 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 12.

Measured BH-mass to stellar-mass ratio for AzTEC-1’s companion SMBH (red square) compared to the local relation (gray shaded region; J. E. Greene et al. 2020) and JWST-observed AGN at z ≈ 4−7 (blue shaded region; F. Pacucci et al. 2023). If the active BH is in a near-equal-mass binary, then AzTEC-1 would be consistent with the local relation and may represent a source which previously had an elevated MBH/M* ratio but whose host galaxy rapidly assembled in the past ∼500 Myr. This transition may be echoed by the elevated MBH/M* ratios of JWST AGN above the redshift of AzTEC-1 (orange circles) compared to those at lower redshifts (blue circles). The maroon square represents the total binary mass in AzTEC-1 assuming an SMBH-binary mass ratio of q = 0.1; in this case, the MBH/M* ratio remains high, near z > 6 quasars (maroon diamonds; R. Li et al. 2026). It may be challenging to reconcile such a system with the local relation given the limited available gas budget (K. Tadaki et al. 2018), though such extreme sources do exist in the low-redshift universe (M. Mezcua et al. 2024).

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