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A 14-yr-old Mystery: The Peculiar Case of the Engine-driven SN 2012ap

  • Authors: Itai Sfaradi, Raffaella Margutti, Ryan Chornock, Nayana A. J., Eli Wiston, Fabio De Colle, Tracy E. Clarke, Wendy M. Peters, Paz Beniamini, Wenbin Lu, Rodolfo Barniol Duran, Michael Bietenholz, Collin T. Christy, Deanne L. Coppejans, Maria R. Drout, Dina Ibrahimzade, Michał J. Michałowski, Dan Milisavljevic, Conor M. B. Omand, Yihan Wang, Kate D. Alexander, Carles Badenes, Joe Bright, Jonathan Granot, Erica Hammerstein, W. V. Jacobson-Galán, Natalie LeBaron, Kohta Murase, Gitika Rameshan, Huei Sears, Michael Stroh, Giacomo Terreran

Itai Sfaradi et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1005 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 3.

The near-simultaneous SEDs of SN 2012ap in the time interval of δt ∼  12–4561 days. The top left panel shows the early observations by S. Chakraborti et al. (2015) from δt ∼ 12–38 days, while the top right panel shows the late-time radio emission reported here. We fit the SEDs with the broken power-law function described in Equation (4). The bottom panel presents the broadband radio-to-X-ray SED. Here, we fit the radio-to-millimeter emission with a double broken power-law function (VLA+ALMA; solid lines). In addition, we show the extrapolation of the middle segment power-law to the X-ray bands (dotted-dashed line). This extrapolation naturally accounts for the observed X-ray emission (which was not fitted). However, it overestimates the emission in the millimeter band, which is easily explained by a break frequency introduced at νc = 140 ± 20 GHz. See the detailed discussion in Section 5.1.

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