Image Details
Caption: Figure 2.
Spot locations, sizes, and temperatures for the best fit of our featured model with three uniform-temperature circular spots plus a modulated power law—i.e., Model 5. The smallest spot has an effective temperature, as measured by a comoving observer on the surface, of 0.17 keV; the middle-sized spot has an effective temperature of 0.031 keV; and the largest spot has an effective temperature of 0.11 keV. The solid black circle indicates the colatitude of the observer, 0.742 radians, which is strongly constrained by radio observations. See Appendix C for the full set of parameter values for this best fit. Bearing in mind that the temperature distribution is surely not actually uniform circles, this could be an indication that the two spots in the hemisphere of the observer represent a single spot with a range of temperatures.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.