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Comprehensive Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of 10 Successive Coronal Mass Ejections Driving a Historic Geomagnetic Storm—the 2024 Mother’s Day Event

  • Authors: Shirsh Lata Soni, Anwesha Maharana, Sanchita Pal, Stefaan Poedts

Shirsh Lata Soni et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 1007 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 2.

In situ observations using MAG and SWE instruments on board the Wind satellite at L1. The period of the main storm, between May 10–12, and the extended enhancement, between 2024 May 12–14, are shown. The shocks S1 and S2 are marked in green dashed vertical lines. The magnetic ejecta periods are shaded as E1 (blue), E2 (green), E3 (cyan), E4 (brown), and E5 (gray). The plot shows, from top to bottom, the speed v, the magnetic field components Bx, By, Bz, the total magnetic field strength ∣B∣, the interplanetary magnetic field angle Φ, the proton number density np, helium ion (alpha) abundance per unit density (na/np), proton temperature (Tp), plasma beta (β), suprathermal electron pitch angle distribution (PAD), normalized fluctuation amplitude ∣δB∣/B, and transverse velocity components (vy, vz).

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