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Comprehensive Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of 10 Successive Coronal Mass Ejections Driving a Historic Geomagnetic Storm—the 2024 Mother’s Day Event

  • Authors: Shirsh Lata Soni, Anwesha Maharana, Sanchita Pal, Stefaan Poedts

Shirsh Lata Soni et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 1007 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure A1.

Graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) forward-model reconstructions of the 10 successive coronal mass ejections (CME1–CME9) associated with the eruptive activity of NOAA AR 13664 and 13668 (CME9) during 2024 May 8–10, overlaid on SOHO/LASCO C2 orange white-light coronagraph images. Each panel shows the best-fit 3D flux-rope geometry (blue wireframe) projected onto the plane of the sky at the time indicated in the panel header. The GCS model constrains the CME apex height, angular width, tilt, and propagation direction by fitting the leading edge and cavity structure visible in the coronagraph data. The sequence reveals notable event-to-event variability in CME geometry, including changes in axis orientation, expansion asymmetry, and halo extent, reflecting the progressive restructuring of the source region and the complex 3D evolution of the eruptive flux systems.

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