Schematic illustration of a star–disk collision producing quasiperiodic eruptions (QPEs). A star repeatedly intersects the accretion disk around the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), generating episodic energy release. The lower portion of the figure shows representative 3D renderings from our 3D simulations, included for illustrative purposes (see Section 4.3 for details). Note that, even if the star’s orbital plane is perpendicular to the disk plane, the collision is oblique due to the disk’s rotation.