Image Details
Caption: Figure 9.
Cosmic-ray heating rate, Qc (Equation (24)), and ﹩\left\langle {E}_{{\rm{c}}}\right\rangle ﹩ as a function of time for ﹩{{ \mathcal M }}_{{\rm{A}}0}\approx 10﹩ simulations and averaged ﹩{{ \mathcal M }}_{{\rm{A}}0}\approx 0.75﹩ simulations (red). We show results for all Pmc values indicated in color.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.