Image Details
Caption: Figure 3.
Cumulative distribution of the S/N of the broad component based on random stacks of five non-BAL quasars. The probability of reproducing an S/N = 4.4 detection of the broad [C II] component in non-BAL quasars is less than 0.02. This null test disfavors pure-noise explanations for the full-stack BAL broad residual, although the conservative clean-stack analysis yields only a hint-level feature. Systematic effects related to data reduction or continuum subtraction are not an obvious explanation for the full-stack residual.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.