The midplane temperature of one-population models with ring configurations. From top to bottom, the dust surface densities at the Gaussian peak are 0.02, 0.2, and 2 g cm⁻². From left to right, the Gaussian widths are 20, 10, and 5 au. ﹩{a}_{\max }﹩ with increasing sizes are marked with blue, orange, green, red, and magenta lines. The dashed lines are the dust surface densities in logarithmic scale. The floor density over the peak density is 10⁻³. The total dust mass is shown in the bottom left corner.