Schematic showing possible scenarios for the combination of both steady flapping and kink-like waves observed by MAVEN. The current sheet in this example is mostly oriented vertically (in the X–Z plane in MSO), shown as a thin orange surface. The calculated background LMN coordinates are also shown. Steady flapping is shown as global motion. −M propagating kink-like waves are either produced in the flank and propagate across the current sheet or produced in the current sheet and propagate outward along the current sheet. The inset shows one example of a kink-like flapping wave with a wavevector (﹩\overrightarrow{k}﹩) that has a −M component. With one spacecraft, we cannot determine the exact direction of ﹩\overrightarrow{k}﹩.