Frequency distribution of ARs with respect to latitude. The left, middle, and right columns show the compliance state with Hale’s law, Joy’s law, and the HHR, respectively, for the full dataset (top row), SC24 (middle row), and SC25 (bottom row). The red (blue) bars, as scaled by the left y-axis, represent the number of ARs that obey (violate) the empirical laws; black dots, as scaled by the right y-axis, show the compliance rate in each individual latitude bin. ARs located at latitudes beyond ±30^∘ are grouped into the two tail bins. Error bars show the range of compliance rates obtained by varying the magnetic field threshold, the AR patch size, and the cycle boundary, as described in Section 2.