Data-processing pipeline. (a) SARD detection results on the full-disk LoS magnetogram on 2014 October 22, which are calibrated with the AR information from the NOAA SRS catalog. The detected ARs are indicated by yellow bounding boxes (Bbox), whose centers are marked by red dots, in comparison with the AR locations in the NOAA SRS catalog, as marked by blue asterisks. (b) (B_r, B_θ, B_ϕ) maps of AR 12192 in the heliographic Carrington coordinates, extracted and converted from the HMI full-disk vector magnetograms according to the SARD detection results. Magnetic field values are saturated at ±1000 G. (c) Top: map of j_z for AR 12192. The derived α_best is negative, as annotated in the upper left, indicating that this southern hemisphere AR is inconsistent with the HHR. Bottom: B_r map of AR 12192, where the magnetic flux weighted centroids of the positive and negative polarities are marked by blue and red dots, respectively. With a tilt angle of 1﹩\mathop{.}\limits^{{\unicode{x000b0}}}﹩2, this southern hemisphere AR is consistent with both Hale’s polarity law and Joy’s law, hence classified as NOR.