Definitions of the tilt angles for SC24. The left panel shows the adopted sign convention for the tilt angle, which spans (−180^∘, 180^∘]. P denotes the positive polarity, and N denotes the negative polarity. The right panel illustrates the classification of ARs according to their compliance with Hale’s law and Joy’s law. “NOR” (normal) denotes ARs that obey both Hale’s law and Joy’s law, “AH” (anti-Hale) denotes ARs that violate Hale’s law but obey Joy’s law, “AJ” (anti-Joy) denotes ARs that obey Hale’s law but violate Joy’s law, and “AHJ” (anti-Hale-and-Joy) denotes ARs that violate both laws. The corresponding tilt-angle ranges for each class are annotated in the figure.