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Variable X-Ray Flux May Explain Variable Helium Escape from the Habitable-zone Exoplanet LHS 1140b

  • Authors: Collin Cherubim, Tim Cunningham, Jason A. Dittmann

Collin Cherubim et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1011 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure A5.

Model fits to unbinned, combined EPIC event lists (110 photons). The flare model is a fast-rise exponential decay model with five parameters. The sine model is a sine wave with four parameters. The box model is a two-level profile with four parameters. We calculated the goodness-of-fit of each model to the unbinned data using the C-statistic (W. Cash 1979). We then calculated the BIC values as ﹩-2{\rm{ln}}\hat{L}+k{\rm{ln}}(n)﹩, where ﹩\hat{L}﹩ is the C-statistic maximum likelihood value, k is the number of model parameters, and n is the sample size (110 photons). The reported differences in BIC, ΔBIC, are relative to the best-fitting model: the box model. A higher dBIC indicates a worse fit. Data are shown in nine bins only for visualization; no models were fit to binned data.

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