The CDFs of the dust–gas density ratio, computed by counting the number of grid cells, ﹩P[({\rho }_{{\rm{d}}}/{\rho }_{{\rm{g}}})\gt {({\rho }_{{\rm{d}}}/{\rho }_{{\rm{g}}})}_{{\rm{threshold}}}]﹩. The CDFs are calculated using data from the last 500 innermost orbits (1500P₀–2000P₀ for all models except “S2”, for which 1700P₀–2200P₀ is used). The solid lines and shaped regions are the temporal averages and standard deviations. The calculation of the CDFs covers R ∈ [3, 10] and ﹩z\in [-{z}_{{\rm{tr}}},\,{z}_{{\rm{tr}}}]﹩. For the CDF calculation across different refinement levels, cells on coarser levels are converted into an equivalent number of finest-level cells before performing the statistics.