Image Details
Caption: Figure 5.
Example particle behavior for a simulation with a 0.6M⊙ star, 2MJ planet, and 200 massless particles. The planet is initialized with aP = 3.52 au, eP = 0.37, iP = 30∘. The particles are uniformly distributed between al = 5.36–5.86 au on coplanar, circular orbits. β = 1.76. The low β value means particles feel a smaller outward acceleration compared to the simulation in Figure 3, where β = 10. Since the outward acceleration is low, particles near zh might turn off abruptly. We do not expect the particles on eccentric orbits as shown here to be physically meaningful since there would not be an abrupt stop to the stellar wind in reality.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.