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Observational and Dynamical Constraints on an Unseen Outer Perturber in the GJ 436 Hot Neptune System

  • Authors: Haedam Im, 해담 임, Tiger Lu, 均 陆, Malena Rice, Quang H. Tran, Gongjie Li, Smadar Naoz

Haedam Im et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 1003 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 8.

Distribution of ϵOct across 1000 different companion configurations for three initial semimajor axes ab,i = 0.3 au (red), 1 au (orange), and 5 au (blue). The black dashed line marks ϵOct = 0.03, above which octupole-order effects become very significant for Imut,i > 60°. A substantial fraction of our configurations exceed this threshold.

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