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The Discovery of K2-232c: Divergent Formation Histories for Hot and Warm Jupiters Based on Outer Companion Eccentricity

  • Authors: Jessica A. Ranshaw, Xian-Yu Wang, Jennifer A. Burt, Juan I. Espinoza-Retamal, Brandon T. Radzom, R. Paul Butler, Bradford P. Holden, Steven S. Vogt, Songhu Wang

Jessica A. Ranshaw et al 2026 The Astronomical Journal 172 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 2.

Top panel: periodogram of all APF RV measurements. The blue vertical dashed line indicates where the period of planet c dominates and the red vertical dashed line indicates where the period of planet b dominates. Second panel: RV periodogram after subtracting planet c’s trend. Only planet b’s period remains dominant. Third panel: RV periodogram after subtracting both planet b and c’s trend. No period meets the power criteria necessary for another object in the system. Fourth panel: periodogram of all APF S-index measurements. There is no significant power found at either planet b or c’s period indicating a lack of stellar magnetic activity on either timescale. The black horizontal dashed line in each of the above panels indicates a False Alarm Probability of 0.1%. Bottom panel: scatter plot of APF S-index measurements versus their corresponding residual APF RV measurements. Both the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and p-value (p) are shown in the top left of the panel. Together, these values indicate a statistically significant noncorrelation in the data.

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