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The Discovery of K2-232c: Divergent Formation Histories for Hot and Warm Jupiters Based on Outer Companion Eccentricity

  • Authors: Jessica A. Ranshaw, Xian-Yu Wang, Jennifer A. Burt, Juan I. Espinoza-Retamal, Brandon T. Radzom, R. Paul Butler, Bradford P. Holden, Steven S. Vogt, Songhu Wang

Jessica A. Ranshaw et al 2026 The Astronomical Journal 172 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 1.

APF RV data demonstrating a lack of instrumental systematics and suggesting the presence of a cold Jupiter in the K2-232 system. Top-left panel: RV measurements for K2-232 with the best-fit curve for planet b overplot in red from the L. Yu et al. (2018) discovery paper. Top-middle panel: RM effect RV measurements vs. time from midtransit for K2-232 with the best-fit curve overplot in red from S. Wang et al. (2021). Top-right panel: RV measurements obtained in this work for K2-232 with the best-fit curve overplot in red. Bottom panel: all APF RV measurements for K2-232; the blue trend line is indicative of a long-period giant companion responsible for the large RV offsets between past RV campaigns for this system. The mauve and tan data points show standard star measurements used to confirm the lack of instrumentation error (HD 9407 - mauve square points (rmsRV = 3.13 m s−1), HD 199305—tan circle points (rmsRV = 3.18 m s−1)).

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