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Do Rocky Planets around M Stars Have Atmospheres? A Statistical Approach to the Cosmic Shoreline

  • Authors: Jegug Ih, Eliza M.-R. Kempton, Hannah Diamond-Lowe, Joshua Krissansen-Totton, Megan Weiner Mansfield, Qiao Xue, Nicholas Wogan, Matthew C. Nixon, Benjamin J. Hord

Jegug Ih et al 2026 The Astronomical Journal 172 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 8.

The fitness function, −E[ΔBIC], plotted over generations for three different values of pcs. Each generation is a population of 500 solutions, and the best-fitness function in each generation is plotted. The fitness function improves in discontinuous jumps and can be stuck in local optima for as many as over 100 generations. This demonstrates the nonlinear and discrete nature of the problem, calling for a genetic approach.

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