Image Details
Caption: Figure 8.
Backward and forward evolution of orbital separation for different ﹩{Q}_{\star }^{{\prime} }﹩ and ﹩{Q}_{p}^{{\prime} }﹩ values based on the formulation in B. Jackson et al. (2009), where the forward evolution is done for ∼103 Gyr and the backward evolution is extrapolated until ∼20 Gyr. The gray shaded region represents the age estimate obtained from Galactic kinematics. The shaded teal regions represent the 1σ and 3σ regions for the age estimated using EXOFASTv2 for decreasing opacity, respectively, and the vertical dashed–dotted line represents the median age. For reference, the age of the universe is also plotted as a dashed teal line.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.