RUBIES brown dwarf spectra in the 0.9–2.5 μm range (black lines with uncertainties as gray shading) compared to best-fit dwarf spectral standards (magenta lines). RUBIES spectra are normalized to the 1.2–1.3 μm peak, and standards are scaled to minimize χ² (Equation (2)). The bottom panels of each plot show the difference between source and standard spectra (Δ) in black, compared to the uncertainty shaded in gray.