The continued schematic diagram of the UML clustering process as in Figure 4. Step (e) displays the Visual classification by randomly selecting 100 images from the 20 ML clusters and visually classifying them into five types of galaxies, including SPH, ETD, LTD, IRR, and UNC, respectively. Step (f) shows the UMAP visualization of clustering effects by analyzing the UMAP two-dimensional projection of the five-class labels derived from the previous step. On the left, we visualize the 2048-dimensional features of all samples extracted by the ConvNeXt model using UMAP; on the right, we visualize the distribution of 300-dimensional features after UMAP-based dimensionality reduction.