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Total Solar Irradiance during the Last Five Centuries

  • Authors: Valentina Penza, Francesco Berrilli, Luca Bertello, Matteo Cantoresi, Serena Criscuoli, Piermarco Giobbi

Valentina Penza et al 2022 The Astrophysical Journal 937 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 7.

Annual values of the standardized fractional solar disk coverage by sunspots ﹩{\hat{\alpha }}_{s}﹩ (dotted black line) and standardized potential ﹩\hat{{\rm{\Phi }}}﹩ (continuous red line). The sunspot signal has been reconstructed until 1873, while more recent values are recorded (Mandal et al. 2020).

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