Magnitude of baroclinicity, ψ, for Model AV at t = 0.8 s. The color map goes from less than 1 (white) to 3.3 × 10 ⁶ s ⁻² (black). Baroclinicity is strongest in the tail and underside of the cap, however, the relative direction with respect to the flame surface is different in these two regions. In the tail, is orthogonal to the flame surface and creates a bulk flow along the direction of the plume in addition to buoyancy. The vicinity of the cap sees nearly parallel to the flame surface such that fuel is entrained across the flame front.