The scaling relation between the observed quasar bolometric luminosity and its derived host halo mass: (a) typical mass, (b) minimum mass. The error bars of L_bol represent the observed range of the quasar luminosity, while the error bars of M_h denote the measurement uncertainties. The gray solid line and shaded region in panel (a) represent the theoretical L_bol–M_typ relation at z ≈ 6 from simulations (E. Pizzati et al. 2024b).