Upper panel: energy budget estimated with Linial’s model for a surface density of 10⁶ g cm⁻². The blue solid and red dashed curves correspond to shocked regions of radius R_B and 2R_B. The gray dotted line indicates the minimum energy budget observed for GSN 069, ≃7 × 10⁴⁵ erg (G. Miniutti et al. 2023; W. Guo & R.-F. Shen 2026). Lower panel: duration time as a function of inclination. The blue curve shows the prediction of the sBH-disk model, while the red dashed curve corresponds to the star-disk model.