Largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) across the four-feedback parameter space as a function of feedback strength c and activation temperature T_f. Columns show increasing stellar flux and rows show increasing normalized volcanic outgassing rate (V/W₀). Warm colors indicate chaotic dynamics (positive LLE), while cool colors indicate regular attractors (negative LLE). The vertical dashed line marks the freezing point of water (273 K). Chaos is concentrated where strong stabilizing feedback (c ≲ −30 W m⁻²) activates near the ice–albedo transition, with the region of maximum chaos shifting toward lower stellar flux as volcanic outgassing increases.