Largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) as a function of stellar instellation (S) for five values of the normalized volcanic outgassing rate (V/W₀). Each curve shows the maximum LLE across the (c, T_f) parameter space at fixed (S, V/W₀), such that positive values indicate the presence of chaotic solutions within that slice. Increasing normalized volcanic outgassing systematically shifts the chaotic regime toward lower stellar flux and suppresses chaos at sufficiently high instellation.