Comparison of the four climate feedbacks and their temperature dependence. Left: forcing contributions vs. temperature for OLR, ice–albedo, carbonate–silicate, and a representative fourth feedback. While the ice–albedo and fourth feedback both exhibit threshold-like behavior near the freezing point of water, they have the opposite dynamical effect: ice–albedo is destabilizing, whereas the fourth feedback acts to restore the climate toward equilibrium. Right: temperature derivatives highlight where each feedback is strongest. The overlap between the destabilizing ice–albedo and a stabilizing fourth feedback near freezing illustrates the competing influences that characterize the chaotic regime identified in this work.