Image Details
Caption: Figure 2.
Cumulative FFD of TRAPPIST-1. The cumulative occurrence rate ν(≥ETESS) is shown as a function of TESS-band flare energy. The K2 FFD from this work is shown in blue, the observed JWST FFD in magenta, and the JWST FFD after applying the injection–recovery completeness correction in purple. The light green curve shows the solar soft X-ray flare distribution, derived from the catalog of N. Plutino et al. (2023) and converted to the TESS band assuming ﹩{T}_{{\rm{flare}}}=9000﹩ K (M. Kretzschmar 2011). The corrected JWST and K2 samples are consistent with a single power law in ETESS over ∼4 orders of magnitude (dashed black line), with the gray band indicating the 1σ bootstrap uncertainty. At flare energies above ∼1029 erg, the flare occurrence rate of TRAPPIST-1 exceeds that of the Sun.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.