Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Evolution of fully retrograde systems (initial ψ⋆ = 180°) during Roche-lobe overflow. Two examples are displayed: a very fast rotator (solid lines, with P⋆ = 1 day; L < S⋆) and moderately fast (dashed lines, P⋆ = 5 days; L ∼ S⋆). This example uses an initial planet mass and entropy 150 M⊕ and S = 8 kB/mH respectively, Q⋆ = 5 × 104, and employs a variable angular momentum transfer fraction, β(RA). Stellar spin-down during orbital inspiral drives the system into alignment; global maxima and minima in P⋆ and S⋆, respectively, correspond to reversal in the direction of S⋆ (P⋆ → ∞). Stars can rotate slowly after Roche-lobe overflow, if systems begin strongly retrograde.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.