Image Details
Caption: Figure 5.
Top panel: radial surface density profiles for the kinematically defined disk (blue), bulge (yellow), and stellar halo (red), following the decomposition method of M. Du et al. (2019, 2020), along with the surface density profile of midplane stars (∣z∣ < 0.3 kpc, dark-blue dashed). Middle panel: radial mass fractions of ex situ stars (brown) and in situ stars. The in situ population is subdivided into three age bins: young, intermediate age, and old (dark to light blue shading). Dotted lines represent the distributions excluding radial migration. Bottom panel: radial mass-weighted age profiles for all stellar particles within a cylindrical radius of R ≤ 30 kpc (black) and the corresponding distributions after excluding ex situ stars and radial migration, along with the age profile of the kinematically defined disk component (blue). In each panel, solid lines denote median values, shaded regions indicate the interquartile range (25th–75th percentiles), and the vertical dashed line marks the break radius Rbreak.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.