Image Details
Caption: Figure 7.
Kinematic diagnostics of type II disk galaxies. Upper panel: velocity anisotropy parameter β as a function of normalized radius R/Rbreak, computed from midplane stars (∣z∣ < 0.3 kpc). Lower panel: ratio of velocity dispersion to mean rotational velocity σ/vϕ, computed from midplane stars (∣z∣ < 0.3 kpc).
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.