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Very Large Telescope Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS. II. From Quiescence to Glow: Dramatic Rise of Ni I Emission and Incipient CN Outgassing at Large Heliocentric Distances

  • Authors: Rohan Rahatgaonkar, Juan Pablo Carvajal, Thomas H. Puzia, Baltasar Luco, Emmanuel Jehin, Damien Hutsemékers, Cyrielle Opitom, Jean Manfroid, K. Aravind, Michaël Marsset, Bin Yang, Laura Buchanan, Wesley C. Fraser, John Forbes, Michele Bannister, Dennis Bodewits, Bryce T. Bolin, Matthew Belyakov, Matthew M. Knight, Colin Snodgrass, Erica Bufanda, Rosemary Dorsey, Léa Ferellec, Fiorangela La Forgia, Manuela Lippi, Brian Murphy, Prasanta K. Nayak, Mathieu Vander Donckt

Rohan Rahatgaonkar et al 2025 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 995 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 4.

CN production versus heliocentric distance: measurements from VLT/X-Shooter (blue circles) and VLT/UVES (teal hexagons) obtained in this work are shown for 3I/ATLAS—the black solid and gray dashed curves are power-law fits to the 3I data only, giving ﹩Q({\rm{CN}})\propto {r}_{h}^{-6.7\pm 0.2}﹩ (weighted) and ﹩Q({\rm{CN}})\propto {r}_{h}^{-6.6\pm 0.2}﹩ (unweighted), respectively. The colored symbols compare with solar system comets compiled from the literature, grouped by dynamical class as in the legend; the green squares mark measurements for 2I. The left axis gives ﹩{\mathrm{log}}_{10}[Q({\rm{CN}})/{\rm{molecules}}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}]﹩ and the bottom axis gives in log scale the heliocentric distance rh (au). The right axis shows an approximate equilibrium surface temperature T(rh). The horizontal dashed lines indicate sublimation thresholds for CO, NH3, CO2, and H2O. Other comet references: H. Rauer et al. (2003), R. Schulz et al. (2004), C. Opitom et al. (2016), C. Opitom et al. (2017), A. Fitzsimmons et al. (2019), C. Opitom et al. (2019), and J. Manfroid et al. (2021).

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