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Very Large Telescope Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS. II. From Quiescence to Glow: Dramatic Rise of Ni I Emission and Incipient CN Outgassing at Large Heliocentric Distances

  • Authors: Rohan Rahatgaonkar, Juan Pablo Carvajal, Thomas H. Puzia, Baltasar Luco, Emmanuel Jehin, Damien Hutsemékers, Cyrielle Opitom, Jean Manfroid, K. Aravind, Michaël Marsset, Bin Yang, Laura Buchanan, Wesley C. Fraser, John Forbes, Michele Bannister, Dennis Bodewits, Bryce T. Bolin, Matthew Belyakov, Matthew M. Knight, Colin Snodgrass, Erica Bufanda, Rosemary Dorsey, Léa Ferellec, Fiorangela La Forgia, Manuela Lippi, Brian Murphy, Prasanta K. Nayak, Mathieu Vander Donckt

Rohan Rahatgaonkar et al 2025 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 995 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 1.

Continuum-subtracted UV/blue spectra of 3I/ATLAS showing Ni I emission over 11 VLT/X-Shooter (blue) and two VLT/UVES (cyan) visits. The spectra are vertically offset for clarity, with visit labels and dates indicated. The UVES data are scaled to match X-Shooter continuum noise levels (using visits 9–11 as references) for visualization. Left panel: 3210–3255 Å region showing selected Ni I lines. Right panel: 3350–3630 Å region displaying the full forest of Ni I transitions. The dotted vertical lines mark the laboratory wavelengths of the detected Ni I lines (in angstroms). The emission strengthens toward later epochs, with the first significant detection at rh = 3.78 au in visit X5 (2025 July 23).

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