Comparison between the modeled open-field maps and the SDO/AIA Carrington map. The background image is taken from the SDO/AIA 193 Å Carrington map dataset (A. Thernisien et al. 2024). Red and blue shading indicate positive and negative open-field regions derived from the models, respectively. Panels (a)–(c) show NSPF models with the initial source surface radii of 3.0, 2.5, and 2.2 R_⊙, while panels (d)–(f) show PFSS+PFCS models with source surface radii of 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 R_⊙. Panel (g) shows the bare 193 Å Carrington map. Panel (h) shows the synoptic magnetogram.